Answer

 

1. True: All organisms present on earth share common genetic material (DNA).

2. True

3. True: A biological species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

4. True: These characters differentiate the living and non-living things superficially.

5. True: Growth is one of the most fundamental features of living organisms.

6. Mass, number of individuals

7. True: Cell division leads to the growth in multicellular organisms.

8. Plants, animals

9. False: In majority of higher animals and plants, growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events as growth and reproduction are independent events in higher organisms.

10. True: Non-living things can also grow by accumulation of matter on their surface called accretion.

11. False: Growth cannot be taken as a defining feature of living organisms as non-living things do grow by accretion.

12. False: Variations are introduced in sexual reproduction.

13. Fungi

14. False: Bud is a small and unequal part that arises from the parent body and detach to give rise to a new organism.

15. Planaria (flatworms)

16. Fragmentation

17. Unicellular

18. True

19. False: Reproduction is not considered as a defining feature of living organisms as some organisms like mules, worker bees and infertile human couples do not reproduce.

20. False: None of the non-living things show reproduction.

21. True: All living organisms are made of chemicals. These chemicals, small and big, belonging to various classes, sizes, functions, etc., are constantly being made and changed into some other biomolecules.

22. True: Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms be it a bacterium or blue whale.

23. False: No non-living object exhibits metabolism.

24. Metabolism

25. False: Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but surely living reactions.

26. False: Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms.

27. Defining

28. Most obvious, technically complicated

29. True

30. False: Plants respond to external factors like light, water, temperature, other organisms, pollutants, etc.

31. False: Photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal breeders, both plants and animals.

32. False: All organisms are ‘aware’ of their surroundings. Only humans are aware of themselves.

33. True

34. False: Self-consciousness is found in human beings only and not in rest of the living organisms; thus, it is not a well defining feature of living organisms.

35. Cells, cells

36. False: Interactions result in emergent properties at a higher level of organisation.

37. True

38. False: All living organisms – present, past and future, are linked to one another by the sharing of the common genetic material, but to varying degrees.

39. True: If we increase the area of research then the number of species that we may find will also increase.

40. Species

41. 1.7–1.8 million

42. Biodiversity

43. True: Exploring new areas will obviously provide new species to the list but some left over regions or old places may get some new species over the course of time (either unidentified last time or are newly created by speciation).

44. Local/flora

45. Nomenclature

46. Identification

47. Plants

48. True: ICZN is related to naming of animals.

49. False: The scientific names ensure that each organism has only one name.

50. False: The scientific name of mango is written as Mangifera indica

51. Genus/generic name; species/specific epithet

52. True e.g. Mangifera indica

53. False: Name of the author appears after the specific epithet, i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an abbreviated form in Roman script, e.g., Mangifera indica Linn., where Linn is not italicised and need not necessarily be in Latin (as it is author’s name and it can be of any origin).

54. Taxa; Taxa

55. Conventional taxonomy

56. Developmental process; ecological information

57. False: Linnaeus used Systema Naturae as the title of his publication. His another publication was Species Plantarum.

58. Evolutionary relationships

59. False: Classification is not a single step process but involves hierarchy of steps in which each step represents a rank or category.

60. False: Hierarchy is the overall taxonomic arrangement of taxonomic categories in any sequence; it can be from species to kingdom or from kingdom to species.

61. Taxon

62. True: Groups represent category; category further denotes rank; each rank or taxon, in fact, represents a unit of classification.

63. False: Taxonomic groups/categories are distinct biological entities and not merely morphological aggregates which means we haven’t just kept organisms in same or different categories based on their morphological features only; the living organisms are classified based on many characters.

64. Species

65. Morphological

66. Species

67. True: Genus contains related species with good number of similarities. Let’s consider two genus – Genus A and Genus B; and let’s suppose genus A has 3 species- “a, b and c”; and Genus B has 2 species- “d, e”. Then it is evident that species “a” will be more related to species “b and c” as they are in same genus and species “d” will be more related to species “e” as they are in same genus.

68. False: Tiger and cat belong to same family Felidae but they do not belong to same genus. Tiger belongs to genus Panthera and cat to genus Felis.

69. Genus/genra

70. True: Both reproductive and vegetative characters are given equal importance in classifying families in case of plants.

71. -aceae (as in Ranunculaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae, etc.) and -idae (as in Felidae, Canidae, Hominidae, Muscidae).

72. False: Among animals for example, genus Panthera, comprising lion, tiger, leopard is put along with genus, Felis (cats) in the family Felidae.

73. True

74. Floral

75. Kingdom

76. False: Lower the taxa, more are the characteristics that the members within the taxon share. Higher the category, greater is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level. Thus, when we move from species to kingdom, the number of common characters goes on decreasing.

77. A: Hominidae; B: Primata

78. A: Muscidae; B: Diptera

79. A: Anacardiaceae; B: Sapindales; C: Dicotyledonae

80. A: Poaceae; B: Poales

81. True: If we know the organisms around us better then we can utilise them better to get the best economic value out of them.

82. Specimens

83. Plant; preserved

84. False: Herbarium is used for the identification of plant specimens only. Term “Herb” in herbarium illustrates that.

85. False: System to arrange herbarium sheets in order is given by Bentham and Hooker, not by Carolus Linnaeus.

86. Botanical gardens

87. Howrah, India

88. True: Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference.

89. Killing and pinning

90. Stuffed

91. True

92. Zoological parks

93. Similarities, dissimilarities

94. Couplet, lead

95. True: Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and species for identification purposes.

96. Analytical

97. Flora

98. False: Manuals are useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area that could be of plant or animal.

99. Monograph